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From the end of the 19th century, today, the attention of the United States towards children has been gradually strengthened, from the simple game devices of the past to the designs of today's diverse children's playgrounds. The development of children's playgrounds also plays an important role in the history of the United States. The American children's outdoor playground is now becoming mature and has given some inspiration to the development of Chinese children's outdoor playgrounds.
With the continuous improvement of people’s material living standards, our country’s demand for outdoor casinos in cities is increasing. People's attention to children has made the study of children's outdoor playgrounds imminent. The development of children's playgrounds in our country is still relatively backward. It requires us to plan and design children's playgrounds to be more based on children and to create a playground suitable for Chinese children. The United States attaches great importance to the design of children's play spaces. Through the study of the evolution of outdoor children's play spaces in the United States, we hope that we can learn from them.
American Children's Playground Development Process
1. The early stage of children's playground (1866 - 1930)
In the early days of the children's playground, it was generally closely related to school construction and management. During the holidays, the school’s event venue is still open to the public to meet the children’s daily activities. In 1868, the first outdoor children's playground was established in a public elementary school in Boston, USA. Afterwards, a children's home in the city took the lead in constructing a children's sand pool park. These children's playgrounds are small-scale, and only simple swings, seesaws, and other amusement facilities can basically meet the children's physical activities. With the rise of the urban park movement, children's playgrounds have also been accompanied by the development of the park. New urban parks have been built on a large scale throughout the country. At the same time, parks have been built to attract people's amusement and sports venues, such as the playground in the Central Park. Children's Playground in Franklin Park. In 1887, New York City passed legislation to build a small park containing equipment for children's playgrounds. This led to the concept of park systems being gradually introduced into the design of the playground.
The characteristics of the amusement park at this time are: the overall layout is relatively simple, the center of the venue is a box-like space or pavilion, trees are planted around, there are large lawns to meet the needs of the event, and there are equipment activity venues and different types of event venues. There is a convenient passage between them and the playground is usually symmetrical.
2. The emergence and development of fixed patterns for children's playgrounds (1930-1970)
After Roosevelt was elected president, the United States built many national parks and some small parks and playgrounds. The design of playgrounds also showed a fixed pattern. Usually, children’s amusement facilities such as three-dimensional climbing frames, swings, slides, seesaws, and carousels were set up. Children perform physical activities, but the playground equipment provided by this playground is too single. From the perspective of children's growth and safety, traditional playgrounds have exposed defects. After the end of the Second World War, the value orientation of Western society has undergone a great transformation: While pursuing material life, people have also begun to pay attention to the inner world. This series of changes has led to the development of the post-war American landscape in diversified directions. Children's playgrounds are also strongly influenced by them. The children's playground has changed from a fixed design pattern to a more flexible design pattern.
In the 1950s, exhibitions on playgrounds and the creation of creative toy companies conducted by the Museum of Modern Art in New York set off an upsurge in the construction of playgrounds in the United States. Affected by the “cubistâ€, in the 1960s and 1970s, amusement was The appearance of the field began to change, and Richard Danner and M. Paul Friedberg worked together to create a new design model that aims to improve children’s creativity and increase children’s mutuality. Exchanges, and provide them with some operable sand pools, pools, etc. They established a new model based on pillars and platforms. This new model broke the previous design pattern that only cared about children's physical activities, paving the way for the advent of adventurous children's playgrounds, and began to pay attention to children's psychology. The development of the area is a major change in the design of children's playgrounds.
3. The emergence and prevalence of McDonald's playground model (1970-1980)
The McDonald's model began to prevail in the United States. Susan Solomon mentioned in "The Changes of the American Children's Playground in 1966-2006": For this kind of upward movement brought about by the McDonald's model of children's amusement facilities, go through, go on, wait, and come back again. Activity behavior, the lack of communication between children, but also not to mention cooperation. It does not have any effect on children’s perceptions and creative abilities. The design of these rides deviated from the original intentions of Richard Danner and M. Paul Friedberg. They did not allow children to experience a variety of knowledge, they could not improve their social skills, and they could not exert their creativity. At the same time, this model also put more children into the room, so that they lack the connection with nature.
4. The emergence and development of adventurous playgrounds (1970-1980)
While the McDonald's model is prevalent, there are also children's playgrounds that imitate natural gardens and use waste materials. They are surrounded by fences, which have various building materials and used industrial equipment, and use a small house to store various tools. This type of playground is generally staffed with full-time staff to carry out natural activities such as building small houses, ramparts, walls, planting, digging holes, climbing trees, digging ditch and keeping small animals. They encourage children to redistribute playgrounds according to their own interests, and they can be constantly changed according to their needs. They can be flexible and help promote the healthy growth of children. They should pay attention to children's hands-on ability, imagination, creativity and ability to solve problems. Encourage interaction and cooperation among different groups and improve their social skills. At the same time, this kind of adventure playground provides children with the opportunity to contact with nature, which is especially valuable for children living in cities today.
5, based on children's outdoor playground design (1980-2010)
After the 1980s, designers began to conduct in-depth research on children's behaviors, psychology, and other aspects. These new children's playground design concepts are back to being based on the creation of a non-stick form of adventure for children. Such as George and Judy Marcus children's magic mirror garden, creating a magical environment with mounds, fog, water and sculpture. There is also the MC Enriver Children's Park in San Jose, California designed by Cheryl Barton. Not only that, based on the different needs of children, the types and functions of children's playgrounds are also becoming more and more abundant. Various kinds of special parks such as science and technology parks, adventure islands, and plantation farms, etc., satisfy millions of children's needs, with the related The information on amusement and play environment is constantly updated. People begin to consider designing a safer, more challenging and more suitable play environment for children's physical and mental development, and truly stand in the child's position to create a play space that is truly suitable for their healthy growth. .
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