Ammonia gas is a colorless, pungent, and highly irritating gas that is lighter than air, with a specific gravity of approximately 0.5. It poses serious risks to human health due to its alkaline nature. When ammonia comes into contact with the skin, it can cause severe irritation and damage by drawing moisture from the tissue, denaturing proteins, and saponifying fats, which ultimately disrupts cell membranes. At high concentrations, ammonia not only causes direct corrosion but can also trigger cardiac and respiratory arrest through stimulation of the trigeminal nerve endings.
When inhaled, ammonia primarily enters the lungs and quickly passes into the bloodstream via the alveoli. Once in the blood, it binds with hemoglobin, impairing the body’s ability to transport oxygen effectively. Due to its high solubility, ammonia mainly affects the upper respiratory tract, causing irritation and weakening the immune system over time. Long-term exposure may lead to symptoms such as skin pigmentation, finger ulcers, or chronic respiratory issues. Inhaling large amounts in a short period can result in tearing, sore throat, hoarseness, coughing, red eyes, chest tightness, difficulty breathing, dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, and even pulmonary edema or adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Unlike acidic substances, the damage caused by ammonia—being an alkaline compound—is often more severe and deeper, affecting tissues more profoundly. To demonstrate that even low concentrations of ammonia in the air can be harmful, experts conducted a study on workers exposed to ammonia levels between 3 and 13 mg/m³ for 8 hours daily. Compared to healthy individuals who had no exposure, the test group showed increased ammonia levels in their urine and elevated urea in their blood, highlighting the potential long-term health impacts.
The main sources of indoor ammonia include concrete admixtures used in construction, particularly during winter when urea and ammonia-based antifreeze are commonly added to concrete mixtures. These compounds gradually release ammonia gas into the air over time, especially under varying temperature and humidity conditions, leading to higher indoor ammonia concentrations. Another source is the additives and brighteners found in interior materials, though this type of pollution tends to dissipate more quickly and has a shorter impact on air quality compared to concrete-related emissions.
Understanding the dangers of ammonia is crucial, especially in environments where it may accumulate over time, such as newly constructed buildings or homes with recent renovations. Taking preventive measures, like proper ventilation and using low-emission materials, can significantly reduce exposure and protect human health.
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